A new study co-authored by Boston University astronomers indicates that a bow shock (a dynamic boundary between the Sun’s heliosphere and the interstellar medium) is highly likely. These findings challenge recent predictions that no such bow shock would be encountered. …read more
Source: FULL ARTICLE at Phys.org
They gathered in silence on Boylston Street, just three blocks away from the chaos and carnage caused by twin bombings four days earlier. Some were crying.
Boston University student Aaron Wengertsman, 19, wrapped himself in an American flag. He was on the marathon route a mile from the finish line when the bombs exploded.
“I’m glad they caught him alive,” he said of one of two brothers authorities say were responsible for the explosions. “I thought people might be more excited, but it’s humbling to see all these people paying their respects.”
As Wengertsman and dozens of others held a solemn commemoration Friday night for the victims of the blasts, others took to the streets of Boston and beyond to celebrate the capture of the surviving suspect following a manhunt that left the city largely paralyzed.
In Boston’s Dorchester neighborhood, where an 8-year-old boy killed in the bombing lived, people set off fireworks.
Boston University juniors Brendan Hathaway and Sam Howes gave high fives to strangers as they walked down the street bathed in the flashing lights from Kenmore Square‘s iconic rooftop Citgo sign.
“This was like our first opportunity to really be outside without feeling like there imminent danger,” said Hathaway, a mechanical engineering student from nearby Newton. “It was close to home for me.”
At Boston Common, Beth Lloyd-Jones said it felt like she had her city back. She was blocks away from the blast on Monday in her south end home.
“It’s personal,” she said, noting that she’s planning her wedding for the public library building adjacent to where the bombs exploded.
“That could have been any one of us,” she said of the victims. “Now I feel a little safer.”
The surviving suspect, 19-year-old Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, was taken to a hospital after engaging in a firefight with police while hiding out in a parked boat in a Watertown backyard. Earlier in the day, his 26-year-old brother, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had been killed in a gunbattle and car chase during which he and his younger brother hurled explosives at police from a stolen car, authorities said. During the getaway attempt, the brothers killed an MIT policeman and severely wounded another officer, authorities said.
“Never in my wildest dreams did I think that this would result in a shootout in Watertown,” said Sheamus McGovern, of neighboring Belmont.
Less than 24 hours after the shootout, police officers and firefighters stood grim-faced with guns and rifles, lining the street leading to the property about a mile away where the younger brother was believed to be holed up in the boat.
Reporters and spectators lined up on the other side. The mood was tense, with the few neighbors who ventured out hugging and crying as they heard bangs. Others merely looked on curiously.
Then, one officer slowly started clapping. Then it spread to the crowd. Then loud cheers broke out.
People in the crowd started asking, “Is he alive?” One of the officers nodded, yes. Any time a first responder emerged from the street, there was loud applause.
“They finally caught the jerk,” said nurse Cindy Boyle, 41.
From: http://feeds.foxnews.com/~r/foxnews/national/~3/_Z1vG3EnLyQ/
The families of two of the three Boston Marathon bombing victims welcomed the capture and arrest of 19-year-old suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Friday night in the Boston suburb of Watertown.
The family of Martin Richard, the 8-year-old boy killed in the bombing offered its thanks to the investigators who worked around the clock on the case and the civilians who offered tips and images that helped authorities zero in on two suspects.
“Tonight, our family applauds the entire law enforcement community for a job well done, and trust that our justice system will now do its job,” the family said in a statement released late Friday.
Martin was killed in Monday’s blast along with two other. His mother and sister were among some 180 others wounded.
“None of this will bring our beloved Martin back, or reverse the injuries these men inflicted on our family and nearly two hundred others. We continue to pray for healing and for comfort on the long road that lies ahead for every victim and their loved ones,” the statement read.
The brother of Krystle Campbell, a 29-year-old restaurant manager killed in the blast, told The Boston Globe he applauds the arrest ofTsarnaev, but said his capture will not bring his sister back.
“I’m happy that nobody else is going to get hurt by these guys, but it’s not going to bring her back,” William Campbell III told the paper.
Krystle’s father, William Campbell, said she had gone with a friend to watch the race. Her friend was seriously injured in the explosion.
William Campbell III told the Globe his parents are “happy they got the guys, but basically they feel the same.”
The third victim in the Boston Marathon bombing was Lu Lingzi, a graduate student at Boston University originally from China‘s northeastern city of Shenyang.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
Click here for more from Boston.com.
From: http://feeds.foxnews.com/~r/foxnews/national/~3/k-AtmjYW0mg/
Tamerlan Tsarnaev practiced martial arts and boxing, even aspiring to fight on the U.S. Olympic team. Dzhozkar Tsarnaev had been on the wrestling team at a prestigious high school and won a scholarship from the city to pursue higher education. Neighbors recalled the ethnic Chechen brothers, living on a quiet street in Cambridge, Mass., riding bikes and skateboards.
Two brothers, one dead, one alive and at large. After hours of only grainy images of two men in baseball caps to go on, a portrait gradually emerged Friday of the men suspected in the Boston Marathon bombing.
The brothers, who came from a Russian region near Chechnya, lived together on Norfolk Street in Cambridge. They had been in the country for about a decade, according to an uncle, Ruslan Tsarni of Montgomery Village, Md.
Less was immediately known about Tamerlan, believed to be 26 when he was killed overnight in a shootout. He was the stockier one identified in video released to the public, wearing a black baseball cap and khaki pants. He was involved in martial arts, and competed in boxing matches. According to a crime website he was once arrested for domestic assault on a girlfriend.
“I don’t have a single American friend. I don’t understand them.” he was quoted as saying in a photo package that appeared in a Boston University student magazine in 2010.
He identified himself as a Muslim and said he did not drink or smoke: “God said no alcohol.” He said he hoped to fight for the U.S. Olympic team and become a naturalized American. He said he was studying at Bunker Hill Community College to become an engineer.
Dzhokhar, 19, attended the prestigious Cambridge Rindge and Latin school, participating on the wrestling team. In May 2011, his senior year, he was awarded a $2,500 scholarship from the city to pursue higher education, according to a news release at the time. That scholarship was celebrated with a reception at city hall.
He attended the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, Mass., university officials said Friday.
The school would not say what he was studying. The father of the suspects, Anzor Tsaraev, told the AP his younger son was “a second-year medical student,” though he graduated high school in 2011.
“My son is a true angel …,” he said
From: http://feeds.foxnews.com/~r/foxnews/national/~3/w35DUq8JYAY/
The family of a Chinese woman killed in the Boston Marathon bombings says it was her dream to study in the United States, and she fell in love with Boston, where she was a graduate student.
In a statement posted on the website of Boston University, the family of 23-year-old Lu Lingzi expressed their grief and called their child “the joy of our lives.”
The family, from the city of Shenyang in China‘s northeast, initially requested privacy and did not want Lu’s name released in the first hours after she was declared dead in the bombings on Monday that killed two others and injured more than 170 people.
The official Xinhua News Agency says the parents and two other relatives are leaving Beijing on Friday evening for Boston.
From: http://feeds.foxnews.com/~r/foxnews/world/~3/9UT6IMTheGg/
The Chinese student killed in the Boston Marathon blasts grew up in an intellectual family in a northeastern Chinese city with gritty, industrial roots, and graduated from a highly competitive high school that routinely sends students abroad.
In Boston, where 23-year-old Lu Lingzi enrolled in graduate-level study in statistics, friends and teachers remembered her as an exceptional student and an exuberant personality who delighted in spring blossoms and culinary treats.
“The word bubbly — that’s kind of a corny word — but that describes her very well,” said Tasso Kaper, chairman of the mathematics and statistics department at Boston University. He added that Lu was “very interested” in flowers. “Spring is a very important time of year for her.”
Back home in the Chinese city of Shenyang — where residents are still bundled in heavy coats to fend off chilly temperatures and strong winds — Lu’s family home is an apartment on the grounds of a Communist Party training academy where her grandfather was a professor, neighbors said.
A woman who said she was a housekeeper at the apartment said Lu’s parents — who are believed to be on their way to the U.S. — had left already.
Lu went to a nearby primary school before being admitted to a highly selective experimental public facility, Northeast Yucai School, where she studied from seventh through 12th grade. About 100 of the 600 graduates annually go to study abroad in countries including Australia, Singapore, Japan, France, Britain and the United States, and the rest usually go to top universities, often in Beijing. Local media say Lu scored the second highest in her class to go to Beijing Institute of Technology.
“It is such a pity. She was an excellent student and she got a chance to study abroad but didn’t finish her study,” Shenyang resident Zhang Zhuang said in an interview. “It is such a sad story. Her parents must be heartbroken.”
Once a center of heavy industry under China‘s planned economy, Shenyang decayed and formed part of the country’s rust belt in the 1990s. Now booming, it has sleek skyscrapers rising from its downtown areas, with many more under construction. Several high-rises are topped with domes and steeples in a nod to the Russian influence on the northeastern region known as Manchuria.
As news of her death spread in China, followers of her Chinese-language microblog multiplied more than tenfold to over 5,000 on Thursday. Under Lu’s last post — a picture of her bread-and-fruit breakfast on the day of the marathon — people posted candle emoticons and wrote “rest in peace.”
“We don’t know each other, but we are from the city and now studying at the same city. Looking at your beautiful face, my eyes turned red,” one of them said. Another said, “I can’t believe this is your last breakfast, your parents must have been devastated.”
The U.S. Embassy said Ambassador Gary Locke spoke to Lu’s family to offer his condolences, and that they had been issued visas to travel to the U.S.
Chinese President Xi Jinping also asked that
From: http://feeds.foxnews.com/~r/foxnews/world/~3/iKl8JcfnXXk/
A state-run Chinese newspaper says the third person killed in the Boston Marathon bombings is a Chinese graduate student at Boston University originally from China‘s northeastern city of Shenyang.
The Shenyang Evening News reported Wednesday on its official Twitter-like microblog account that the victim is named Lu Lingzi. An editor at the newspaper says that Lu’s father confirmed his daughter’s death when reporters visited the family home.
The Chinese Foreign Ministry and Consulate General in New York are not releasing the victim’s name at the request of the family. But on Tuesday, Boston media quoted a Chinese Consulate General official as saying Chinese national Lu Lingzi was missing in the wake of the bombings that killed three and wounded more than 170 people.
From: http://feeds.foxnews.com/~r/foxnews/world/~3/ywMPYoiY07M/
A state-run Chinese newspaper says the third person killed in the Boston Marathon bombings is a Chinese graduate student at Boston University originally from China‘s northeastern city of Shenyang.
The Shenyang Evening News reported Wednesday on its official Twitter-like microblog account that the victim is named Lu Lingzi. An editor at the newspaper says that Lu’s father confirmed his daughter’s death when reporters visited the family home.
The Chinese Foreign Ministry and Consulate General in New York are not releasing the victim’s name at the request of the family. But on Tuesday, Boston media quoted a Chinese Consulate General official as saying Chinese national Lu Lingzi was missing in the wake of the bombings that killed three and wounded more than 170 people.
From: http://feeds.foxnews.com/~r/foxnews/national/~3/P6NkVGm1hpo/
By The Huffington Post News Editors
WASHINGTON — Krystle Campbell, 29, was the second person killed in Monday’s Boston Marathon bombing to be identified. Campbell had gone to Copley Square to watch the race finish. She was standing along Boylston Street when the bombs went off, killing her and injuring a friend.
Patty Campbell, Krystle’s mother, read a tearful statement on Tuesday afternoon, standing in front of her house in Medford, Mass. “Krystle Marie, she was a wonderful person,” Patty Campbell said. “Everybody that knew her loved her. She loved her dogs. … She had a heart of gold. She was always smiling. You couldn’t ask for a better daughter. I can’t believe this has happened. She was such a hard worker at everything she did. This doesn’t make any sense.”
More than 170 were wounded in the attack, some still in critical condition. Along with Campbell, 8-year-old Martin Richard, and a Boston University graduate student whose name has not been made public died in the blasts.
Read More…
More on Boston Marathon Bombing
From: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/16/krystle-campbell-boston-marathon-victim_n_3096010.html
By John Johnson The third person killed in the Boston Marathon attack was a grad student from China studying at Boston University, the school says at BU Today . The university isn’t releasing her name until it gets her family’s permission. (China‘s consulate confirms that one of its citizens was killed, reports CNN .)…
From: http://www.newser.com/story/166351/3rd-boston-victim-is-chinese-grad-student.html
Third-grader Martin Richard had just gotten ice cream and was near the Boston Marathon finish line, eagerly watching for friends to run by. Krystle Campbell was enjoying the race with her best friend, hoping to get a photo of the other woman’s boyfriend after he conquered the last mile.
Then the unthinkable struck. The spirited 8-year-old with a wide grin who dressed up one Halloween as Woody from “Toy Story” was dead, along with the outgoing 29-year-old woman and a Boston University graduate student — victims of twin blasts that turned a scene of celebration into chaos.
Some 180 others suffered injuries that included severed limbs, shrapnel wounds and abdominal lacerations.
Jeff Bauman Jr., a man pictured in an Associated Press photo being rushed from the scene Monday in a wheelchair, lost both legs. Rescuers took the 27-year-old to Boston Medical Center, where doctors had to amputate because of extensive vascular and bone damage.
“Unfortunately my son was just in the wrong place at the wrong time,” his father, Jeff Bauman Sr., wrote in a Facebook post.
The younger Bauman, who had been at the race to cheer on his girlfriend, had to have further surgery because of fluid in his abdomen.
“I just can’t explain what’s wrong with people today, to do this to people,” the father wrote of the darkness that stained the race on Patriots’ Day. “I’m really starting to lose faith in our country.”
While mourning the dead Tuesday, friends and neighbors tried to focus on positive memories of cherished ones whose deaths still seemed unreal to them.
“I just can’t get a handle on it,” said Jack Cunningham, a longtime friend of little Martin and his family. “In an instant, life changes.”
Cunningham recalled how, as a pint-sized preschooler, the boy had insisted on getting out of his stroller during a 5K race in South Boston. As soon as his mom let him out to run with the rest of the family, Martin took off along the rainy race course.
“He was just having a ball, splashing in every puddle,” Cunningham said.
The boy’s father, Bill Richard, released a statement thanking
From: http://feeds.foxnews.com/~r/foxnews/national/~3/iXP1SAWFbqw/
Thousands of runners and spectators were clustered in the area near the finish line of Monday’s Boston Marathon when two bombs exploded, killing three, injuring 176 and bringing anguished pandemonium to the city’s seminal event. Many spoke to the media at the scene, their stories conveying disbelief, fear, heroism and hope.
Here are some of their observations:
Vera Papisov was on a rooftop a few blocks away from the finish line when the first bomb went off.”It was just really scary and no one really knew what we were supposed to be doing,” the Boston native and student at Boston University told FoxNews.com, adding that she relied on Twitter for updates. “It felt everyone else knew what was happening except the people that were there.”
“When the bombs exploded, runners and spectators froze, unsure of what to do,” Brighid Wall, 35, of Duxbury, told The Associated Press. Her husband threw their children to the ground, and he and another man shielded them. “Don’t get up, don’t get up,” her husband shouted. After a minute or so without another explosion, they ran to a Starbucks and out the back door through an alley. Around them, the windows of the bars and restaurants were blown out.
“We started grabbing tourniquets and started tying legs. A lot of people amputated. … At least 25 to 30 people have at least one leg missing, or an ankle missing, or two legs missing.”
– Roupen Bastajian, a state trooper from Smithfield, R.I., who had just finished the race when he heard the explosions. (AP).
“This is something I’ve never seen in my 25 years here … this amount of carnage in the civilian population. This is what we expect from war.”
–Alasdair Conn, chief of emergency services, at Massachusetts General Hospital (AP).
“They just started bringing people in with no limbs.”
– Tim Davey of Richmond, Va., who was with his wife, Lisa, and children near a medical tent that had been set up to care for fatigued runners when the injured began arriving. (AP).
“I put my car key in my pocket, so I got home. There is no way to understand it yet. Sad that someone had to ruin what should have been such a beautiful day for the area.”
– Carmen Sowers, of Boston, to Fox News.
“For something like this to happen on a day so dear to Bostonians, it really cuts into who we are.” “
– Dave Wedge, of the Boston Herald, to Fox News.
“I just finished the race, and I went to hotel which was where I was to meet family and walked into the lobby of the hotel, and the first blast went off. I felt right away it was malicious, I could tell it was a bomb.”
– Mike Russell, marathon runner, to Fox News.
“I was at an office overlooking the finish line. I heard an explosion, felt the blast. Heard a secondary, went down the stairs. I saw severed limbs, blood near the streets.
From: http://feeds.foxnews.com/~r/foxnews/national/~3/x8BEZ8SI5fc/
Researchers at Columbia Engineering and Boston University have developed the first method to map evaporation globally using weather stations, which will help scientists evaluate water resource management, assess recent trends of evaporation throughout the globe, and validate surface hydrologic models in various conditions. The study was published in the April 1 online Early Edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
By Business Wirevia The Motley Fool
Filed under: Investing
Clean Harbors Announces Appointment of Jim Buckley as SVP Investor Relations and Corporate Communications
NORWELL, Mass.–(BUSINESS WIRE)– Clean Harbors, Inc. (“Clean Harbors“) (NYS: CLH) , the leading provider of environmental, energy and industrial services throughout North America,today announced that Jim Buckley has been appointed as SVP Investor Relations and Corporate Communications.
Prior to joining Clean Harbors, Jim was executive vice president and partner at Sharon Merrill Associates, a critical communications strategic advisory firm that is nationally recognized for its investor relations expertise. During his 19-year tenure at Sharon Merrill, Jim provided strategic counsel to clients on a broad spectrum of corporate communications issues and oversaw the implementation of investor relations programs for a number of organizations, including Clean Harbors.
“Jim is a seasoned investor relations and corporate communications professional,” said James M. Rutledge, Vice Chairman, President and Chief Financial Officer of Clean Harbors. “We are familiar with him and his abilities from our longstanding relationship with Sharon Merrill. As we sought to expand our communications function to reflect our growth as an organization, he was the logical choice for this newly created position. He will play an important role in shaping our messaging and facilitating external and internal communications. He will be a valuable resource for both Wall Street and our employee base going forward.”
Buckley also has served as an adjunct professor of investor relations for several years at Boston University and has guest lectured at other colleges on a variety of corporate communications topics. He has been a member of the National Investor Relations Institute (NIRI) since 1997 and was a speaker at the NIRI National Conference in 2011 and 2012. He also has presented at various NIRI seminars and Public Relations Society of America meetings during his Sharon Merrill career. Prior to Sharon Merrill, Buckley served as a staff reporter at The Eagle Times in Claremont, New Hampshire. He earned a bachelor’s degree in Journalism from Marquette University and an M.B.A from Boston College.
About Clean Harbors
Clean Harbors (NYS: CLH) is the leading provider of environmental, energy and industrial services throughout North America. The Company serves a diverse customer base, including a majority of the Fortune 500 companies, thousands of smaller private entities and numerous federal, state, provincial and local governmental agencies. Through its Safety-Kleen subsidiary, Clean Harbors also is a …read more
Source: FULL ARTICLE at DailyFinance
By Business Wirevia The Motley Fool
Filed under: Investing
Targeted Medical Pharma Appoints Dr. David Silver as President and COO
LOS ANGELES–(BUSINESS WIRE)– Targeted Medical Pharma, Inc. (OTCQB: TRGM), a biotechnology company that develops and distributes prescription medical foods, convenience kits and generic pharmaceuticals to physicians and pharmacies, today announced the promotion of David Silver, M.D., to the newly created position of president and chief operating officer, where he will oversee the company’s expansion efforts and daily operations, while continuing his responsibilities as executive vice president of medical and scientific affairs.
“Dr. Silver has been an integral part of our organization since giving up his private practice two years ago to join us full time,” said William Shell, M.D, the company’s CEO and chief scientific officer. “He has been instrumental in helping us reach this important inflection point. His strong leadership skills will be leveraged as we work to expand our sales force, bringing our prescription-only medical foods to patients and physicians across the United States.”
Dr. Silver has conducted more than 100 clinical trials and is a national expert on pain, fibromyalgia and rheumatologic diseases. He is a practicing board-certified rheumatologist and internist, and served as clinical chief of rheumatology and director of the chronic pain rehabilitation program at Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. Dr. Silver remains active in academia as an associate clinical professor of medicine at UCLA. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in medical sciences with a minor in economics from Boston University. After earning a medical degree from Boston University‘s School of Medicine, he completed his residency in Internal Medicine at Northwestern University’s School of Medicine, with a fellowship in Rheumatology at Cedars Sinai Medical Center.
About Targeted Medical Pharma, Inc.
Targeted Medical Pharma is a Los Angeles-based biotechnology company that develops prescription medical foods for the treatment of chronic disease, including pain syndromes, peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, obesity, sleep and cognitive disorders. The company manufactures 10 proprietary prescription-only medical foods, as well as 48 convenience packed kits, which pair a medical food and branded or generic pharmaceutical. These prescription medical foods and therapeutic systems are sold to physicians and pharmacies in the U.S. and the Middle East through the company’s subsidiary, Physician Therapeutics. These proprietary medications represent a novel approach to the management of certain disease states, focusing on safety and efficacy without the deleterious side effects of traditional, high dose prescription drugs. The company is developing nutrient-based systems for oral stimulation of progenitor stem cells that differentiate into neurons, red blood …read more
Source: FULL ARTICLE at DailyFinance
(Phys.org) —In the middle of April, world attention focuses on the Boston Marathon. Researchers from the Biology and Earth and Environment Departments of Boston University have taken a new angle to provide novel insights on this famous running event. In a study titled “Effects of Warming Temperatures on Winning Times in the Boston Marathon,” a team led by Professor Richard Primack set out to determine if global warming is affecting the performance of runners in the world’s longest continuously held marathon. …read more
Source: FULL ARTICLE at Phys.org
Boston College is getting support from prominent Catholic universities in its efforts to stop a student group from giving away condoms on campus.
According to the Boston Globe, officials at Catholic colleges and universities – including Notre Dame, Georgetown and Catholic University – say their policies are similar to that of Boston College, which threatened disciplinary action against students distributing condoms on school grounds.
“One of the teachings of our faith is that contraception is morally unacceptable,” Victor Nakas, a spokesman for Catholic University, told the paper. “Since condoms are a form of contraception, we do not permit their distribution on campus.”
A letter sent by Boston College telling on-campus groups they could face disciplinary action for a condom giveaway provoked angry reactions from students, and the American Civil Liberties Union said it might pursue legal action.
“BC is saying that they’re a private university, so we can do what we want,” said Sarah Wunsch, staff lawyer at the ACLU of Massachusetts. “But that’s actually not true.”
According to the Globe, Wunsch cited the Massachusetts Civil Rights Act of 1979, which prohibits interference with civil rights by private as well as public entities. She cited a court case lost by Boston University in the 1980s after the institution attempted to force students to remove an antiapartheid poster from their dorm windows. In that case, the judge ruled that the state Civil Rights Act protected the free speech rights of the students, even though they attended a private school.
Most Catholic universities agree when it comes to distributing contraception on campus, said Michael Galligan-Stierle, president of the Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities.
Galligan-Stierle said Catholic educational institutions follow John Paul II’s “Ex Corde Ecclesiae,” a document he issued on church principles in 1990. The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops issued a US-specific interpretation of John Paul‘s document in 2001.
“There are certain ways of living that we, Catholics, believe lead to a healthier and holier life,” Galligan-Stierle said, according to the Globe. “This falls into one of many of those ways.”
Amanda Kessel scored twice, and the University of Minnesota breezed past Boston University 6-3 Sunday to finish the first perfect season in the 13-year history of NCAA women’s hockey.
Mira Jalosuo, Hannah Brandt, Milica McMillen and Rachel Rams… …read more
Source: FULL ARTICLE at NHL
By Meghan M. Biro, Contributor
Here in the Boston, Cambridge area, we are lucky, there’s a college around every corner. Harvard, M.I.T., Wellesley, Boston University, the list goes on and on. Our streets, libraries and local coffee shops are clogged with passionate students shelling out 40k (plus extras) a year for the privilege of earning those coveted diplomas. …read more
Source: FULL ARTICLE at Forbes Latest
Coaching legend Jack Parker‘s career at Boston University ended Saturday as the Terriers lost 1-0 to top-seeded Massachusetts-Lowell in the championship game of the Hockey East tournament at TD Garden in Boston.
Parker, who coached the Terriers… …read more
Source: FULL ARTICLE at NHL
